tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91773266786241280682024-03-08T11:23:15.172-08:00Target IASEduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-29863927357581671422012-09-19T09:02:00.002-07:002012-09-22T01:19:41.647-07:00Theory of Poverty - Haralambos Notes<u><b>Measurement of Poverty</b></u><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Poverty is generally measured in absolute terms i.e. based on nutritional intake and other physical needs. Such type of measurement is usually defined as fixed poverty line e.g. one dollar poverty line.In long terms poverty measured in terms of absolute poverty tend to decrease with increasing income of people, but relatively as IM Rubinow has suggested luxury become necessity becomes need . Hence poverty according to IM Rubinow should be measured in relative terms to overcome the drawback suffered by absolute poverty measurement. Able-smith and Townsend in their analysis "poor and the poorest" used relative poverty measures to establish that cause of poverty is largely associated with large family sizes where as a similar study based on absolute poverty measurements by Seebohm Rowntree in NY over half a century concluded that sickness old age and inability to do work are major reason for poverty.</div>
<br />
<u><b>Theory of Poverty</b></u><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Theory of vicious cycle</b> : Poverty is a positive feedback system. It makes sure that poor remain poor. According to David Capluvitz , poor pay more for what they purchase because they are poor. For eg. they purchase in smaller lots or on credit and have to pay more then rich. If a poor buys a car, he has to pay more premium on insurance as the changes for theft in his locality is more. Another sociologist Ralph Miliband has pointed out that economic deprivation is cause of political deprivation and Political deprivation make sure that economic deprivation prevail.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>2. Theory of Poverty Culture:</b> Oscar Lewis is pioneer in field of poverty culture. According to Oscar Lewis poverty has impact at individual level , family level and community level.It develops a culture and this culture help maintain poverty. The impact of poverty at all three levels are illustrated below:</div>
<ul>
<li><u>Individual Level</u> : Poor at individual level feel helpless, dependence and their outlook to society is fatalistic. </li>
<li><u>Family Level</u> : Are unable to maintain family and fulfill family requirements.They abandon wife and child. Most of the marriages end in divorce and family head is usually mother.</li>
<li><u>Community level </u>:<b> </b>They are not part of union or political institution . Participation of poor in public institutes like school, hospital and union is very less. </li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Walter B Miller agrees with Oscar Lewis he sees such poverty culture in American Soceity. According to him they focus on mascularity features like roughness and tufness. This sub culture of poverty provides low - skilled and low wage workforce. </div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Elliot Liebow has proposed theory of manly flaws. According to the theory man in order to hide his failure take support of muscularity, tuffness and tries to justify himself on those account. The reason for divorce , domestic fight can be explained using theory of manly flaws.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>3. Theory of Situational Constraint :</b> Theory of contrain rejects the idea of poverty sub - culture. According to theory of contrain given by Hylans Lewis, poor are unable to translate many values into reality due to poverty. They are contrained by poverty and once such constrains are removed they are more likely to follow values of mainstream and hence there is no such poverty sub - culture but its reaction to the constrains imposed on them by poverty.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>4</b>.<b> Marxian Perspective</b> :Marxist blame private ownership and capitalism as root cause of poverty. Poors are having less bargain power in share of profits and hence capital owner takes away majority of profit. Poverty provide them labour and help them in maintaining low wages and higher profit margin. JC Kincaid , a Marxist has emphasized that poverty is problem due to unequal sharing of surplus of production, however govt disguises the true identity of problem and false diagnosis is done. He found little evidences that redistribution of wealth by govt welfare programs has actually reduced poverty , it has only reduced harshness of poverty. Poverty as wealth is inevitable in capitalist system of production.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Westergaard and Resler has accused govt and welfare agencies for searching cause of poverty.Diagonsis is false, they try to disguise true nature of exploitation.Further he has accused welfare professions for being agents of ruling class. Poverty cannot be abolished in capitalist society. Radical changes is required for its removal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>5. Weberian Perspective</b> : According to Weber, class situation of a individual is dependent on market situation. With technological advancement demand for non-skill workers is decreasing. One can command rewards according to his skills.Not all working class is poor only old, sick, large families and people with general skill find difficulties in obtaining employment</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Herbert G Hans has stated that poverty is always not evil, it also serves some functions in society.According to the author poverty helps in maintaining low wages and helps in increases profit for capital owners. Poverty provides baseline for failure. Poor people also become scapegoat for non-poors , thereby they help reduce their pressure. Benefit to non-poor is also one of the reason due to which non-poors are reluctant to address problem of poverty.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b>Solution to Poverty </b></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. American way</b> : American sociologists have taken poverty culture theories for solution of povery. According to them poverty is due to culture of poverty that is perpetuating from generation to generation. American govt policies are targeted towards re-socialization of poor with middle class values. These policies have put entire responsibility of poverty and being poor on individuals. American sociologists are against providing direct benefits to poor in form of cash or subsidy. Review of American policies against elimination of poverty suggest that they have failed miserably.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>2. UK way</b>: UK has adopted welfare policies like social security including but not limited to direct cash transfers to poor and unemployed.</div>
EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-74214308832562925982011-07-11T10:07:00.001-07:002011-07-11T16:40:00.802-07:00Land Acquisition Act 1894<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Land Acquisition Act 1894 , provides power to state and central government for acquisition of private land for public utility purpose. The act also provides legal right to government on land that do not belong to anyone. The act has serious flaws and requires amendment for safeguarding interest of poor farmers, land less labours and community at large. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The Land Acquisition Act , states that state and central government may take private land in her possession for public purpose. The state government has to pay compensation to land owners at market price. The Act also states that since the acquisition is forceful in nature the compensation should be above market rate (normally 15% above the market rate)<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">While act consider compensation to landowners, it does not talk about other stake holder who are affected from acquisition. The land in rural India is normally in name of male family members, thus females are largely sufferers. The community ties are broken and service providers like barber, artisans, fisherman , self-employed are also affected due to displacement of village and community. The act believes that the farmers and poors to whom compensation is provided are fully aware of saving and investment opportunity available in market and compensation will take care of their livelihood. In fact these are mostly illiterate and compensation amount is usually utilized in consumption, leaving them mostly worse-off.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The Act is also silent on the definition of public utility.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The term public purpose is vague and several interpretations can be made. In case of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Baji Rao Kote case , the government has acquires land for providing way to Saibaba Temple. In the judgment court said that neither court is capable nor it is in its scope to define public purpose and said that the state if believes that the it is for public purpose then they can acquire land under land acquisition Law.<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In the case of Yamuna ExpressWay the land acquisition was done and given to third party for utilization. Amusement parks were also developed on the land. The court in its judgment has said that the term public purpose has broader meaning then public utility and even if it satisfies the need of a particular class/community it is public purpose. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In sharan Vs UP state, state was acquiring fertile land for construction of jail, the court has defined public purpose as the act that serves purpose of larger community.<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">In another case of Radhey Shyam Vs UP State regarding acquisition of agricultural land for industrial purpose in Gautam Budh Nagar court has noticed that fertile land was begin acquired for residential purpose and the emergency clause of act was used when protest was made against acquisition of land. The victims are generally poor and unaware of their rights and accept it as their fate.Even if some of them are educated they are unaware of functioning of court.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Under the chapter-7 of act, the government can also acquire land for companies. The act specifies that in case whole of the amount is paid by company then the land is said to be acquire by company and company has to adhere to strict norms of chapter-7 , however if government also pays part of the acquisition amount even if this amount is Rs 100 or Rs 1 the acquisition is said to be done by government and company need not to go through chapter-7 rules. Now the government can give land to the company for public purpose i.e for setting up of industry. The government believes that industrialization will generate employment and will contribute to grow hence it is a public purpose.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The vague definition of public purpose has open the way for forceful acquisition of land and then transferring same to companies and third party developers for their private use.<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The new proposed Land acquisition act is improvement over some of the lacunae. The word public purpose has been defined as betterment of general public. The chapter-7 in old acct has been removed. Now state government can acquire land for company if company is already having 70% of land. It also states that government can acquire land for joint ventures and when land has been acquired for giving it to third party for development and use for not more than 40 years. However the chapter 7 has been removed but it has opened new possibilities for acquiring land for industrialization. It has put the condition for owning 70% of land and not 70% consent. The 70% land can be acquired from 2% large land owners but this will make them eligible to ask more land from government without asking consent of remaining 98% .</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">The act has also included social impact analysis to assess and identify the real stakeholders that might get affected out of displacement. The act has setup a limit of 400 families in plains and 200 families in rural area for taking up rehabilitation program.<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Although the act is positive step in direction of better identification of stake holders and their rehabilitation, but have escape clause making them prone for unworkable solutions. The government has given advantage to companies by making acquisition for easy. The government seems to be in favour of mass industrialization and still believes in trickle down theory. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-16552095549736287452011-06-17T01:58:00.000-07:002011-06-17T04:32:40.971-07:00Conditional Cash Transfer<div align="justify">Conditional Cash Transfer schemes are used to provide incentive for obtaining desired action from it's direct beneficiary. For example in India we have "<span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0">Janani</span> <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1">Suraksha</span> <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2">Yojna</span>", it is a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates and increasing institutional deliveries in below poverty line (<span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3">BPL</span>) families. where cash is given for regular health checkup and availing health benefits from field workers.</div><br /><br /><br /><div align="justify">In case of Conditional Cash Transfer (<span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_4">CCT</span>) Schemes responsibility of delivering services is shifted from scheme providers to the beneficiaries.In case of non-fulfillment of conditions ,the benefit is usually withdrawn.It has been observed that while government provides various benefits to targeted population ,but schemes are not successful because of poor understanding and negligence of targeted audience who are poor and uneducated.</div><br /><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><br /><div align="justify"><span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_5">CCT</span> has three major components 1. identifying targeted people , 2 . monitoring 3. cash transfer in response to compliance. Major portion of scheme outlay is normally used in identification of target.In many cases government has to depend on <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_6">BPL</span> data, ration card and other in-direct sources for preparing list of eligible beneficiary. Implementation of schemes usually require creating awareness through education, advertisement, but problem still remains in taking follow-up of each individual.<span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_7">CCT</span> can greatly reduce effort of creating awareness and follow-up. <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_8">CCT</span> involves direct benefit and most of the service takers are from <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_9">BPL</span> families , they have large opportunity cost involve in losing them.Usually non- compliance by beneficiaries are dealt with warning and withdrawal is only done upon repeated non-compliance.</div><br /><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><br /><div align="justify">As in case of <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_10">Janani</span> <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_11">Suraksha</span> <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_12">Yojna</span> (<span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_13">JSY</span>) , identification of target was easy and cash transfer was instant , the scheme was successful. In many cases it has been observed that enrollment in scheme is high but the desired outcome is not achieved. for example in some counties where schemes involved increase in weight of child as one of the condition, it has been found that parents over-feed their child before monitoring. The scheme where it has been implemented for education of children it may provide better enrollments in school, but their attitude towards education is poor.</div><br /><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><br /><div align="justify"><span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_14">CCT</span> may be a better tool to force <span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_15">beneficiary</span> to follow certain behaviour but attitude of people cannot be changed. It is thus a challenge for policy makers to formulate <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_16">CCT</span> in such a manner that it not only provide greater participation but also better outcome.</div><br /><br /><div align="justify"></div>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-45367733212155533582011-06-13T00:15:00.000-07:002011-06-13T00:16:10.934-07:00सिविल सर्विस की प्रारंभिक प्रवेश परीक्षा और बहु चर्चित CSAT २०११<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; font-size: medium; ">अब सिविल सर्विस की प्रारंभिक परीक्षा हो चुकी है . हमे बहुत दिनों से CSAT के नाम से डराया जाता रहा है . कभी नयी किताब तो कभी नयी कोचिंग तो कभी कभी लगा की भाई अगर यह सब एक साहित्य के विद्यार्थी को आता होता तो हम साहित्य ही क्यों लेते , हम भी सफ़ेद कोट पहन कर लाल - पीले रंगों से खेलते हुए यह बताने मे जुट जाते की Aspatame चीनी से २०० गुना मीठा होते हुए भी २०० गुना महंगा क्यों नहीं है |<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; white-space: nowrap; line-height: normal"> </span> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px"> <div><p> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: medium; "> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; "> csat मे दस तो प्रकरण थे और उन दस अनुच्छेदों पर कम से कम ३०-३५ सवाल थे. अनुच्छेदों को पढने मे ही १/२ घंटे का समय लग गया .ऐसा प्रतीत हो रहा था की यह परीक्षा मेरी पढने की गति को जांचने के लिए बनायीं गयी है.आज कल वैसे भी तेज़ गति से पढने वालो की प्रशासनिक सेवा मे बहुत जरूरत है, लोगो की शिकायते वैसे तो आम तोर से सीधे कूड़ेदान मे जाती है . अब कम से कम इस बात की तो तसल्ली रहेगी की कूड़ेदान मे जाने से पहले किसी ने पढ़ा तो सही, करवाई हुई ना हुई पर सुनवाई तो हुई|</span></span></p></div> </span></span> <p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; ">एक सवाल के तो बनाने का कारण ही समझ मे नहीं आया . उस सवाल मे त्रिकोण गिनने को कहा गया था . अगर यह तर्क शक्ति से सम्बंधित सवाल था तो मुझे सवाल बनाने के पीछे का तर्क समझ नहीं आया | त्रिकोण गिनने के लिए या तो CAT / या बैंक PO की कोचिंग से गुर लेने होते है या फिर जैसे सब गिनते है वैसे ही गिनना होगा . यह तो मुझे भी पता है की, UPSC कोचिंग को बढ़ावा नहीं देती तो फिर मै यह सोचता हूँ की शायद वो मेरी १ तो १०० तक गिनने के कला को परख रहे थे.</span></span></p> <p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; ">मै पेपर-१ से पहले से ही दुखी था की फिर एक जीव विविधता पर अनुच्छेद आ गया | परीक्षार्थी जिन्होंने जीव विविधता को कम समय दिया था उन्हें परीक्षा मे ज्ञान अर्जित करने का मोका दिया गया |</span></span></p>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-45675997203825181222011-01-22T10:20:00.000-08:002011-01-22T10:25:12.216-08:00On Some Fatal Fallacies<span style="font-size:100%;">1. Cereal Consumption Includes Both Food and Feed and Should Rise, Not Fall as Average Income Rises : Many Economist believe that cereal consumption is inversely related with income. 'coz consumer diversify away from cereals to animal products. cereal consumption demand includes feed grains embodied in animal products . Therefore per head cereal consumption should increase with increasing income . US had per head cereal consumption of nearly 1 tonne in 2005<br /><br />2. What Explains Falling Cereal Demand Per Head in India When Average Income Is Rising Fast? : decline is serious matter to worry. imply that cereal consumption is falling involuntarily for the poor.growth is so highly concentrated that is resulting in shift of income distribution of a particularly adverse type, namely, minority enrichment and mass demand deflation<br /><br />3. Substantial Decline in Real Spending in Rural India: deflating nominal spending by consumer price indices to obtain “real spending” is no longer capturing the actual situation . all elements of the original basket may not even be available in the later year, Over long periods of time the fixed basket to which price indices are applied has led to misleading results.<br /><br />Source : EPW Nov 20 ,2010</span>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-18881272687482405492011-01-22T03:37:00.001-08:002011-01-22T03:40:55.852-08:00Tibet and Pachsheel Agreement<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> region of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">,' better known as the 'Panchsheel Agreement.' </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Why Panchsheel Agreement was signed?</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Hundred years ago (in July 1904) a young British colonel, Francis Younghusband, forced his way into the holy city of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Lhasa</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. it was meeting of two different worlds for the first time. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> was 'acknowledged' by </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">London</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> as a separate nation. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> was extremely unhappy not to be a party to the accord.Ten years later (March 1914), wanting to show fairness, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">London</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> called for a tripartite conference in Simla to settle the issue: The result was not fully satisfactory as the Chinese only initialized the main document and did not ratify it. The British and Tibetans however agreed on a common border demarcated on a map: the famous <b style="">McMahon Line </b>was born.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> Treaty was in force when </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> became independent in August 1947</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> In October 1950,<span style=""> </span>Mao's troops marched into </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Lhasa</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> appealed to the United Nations against </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">'s invasion of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> was unable to stand up in favour of their peaceful neighbour against the might of Red China. In May 1951, some of the Dalai Lama's<span style=""> </span>representatives signed --<span style=""> </span>'under duress' --<span style=""> </span>a 17-Point Agreement with Communist China. For the first time in its 2,000-year history, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Lhasa</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> officially 'accepted' </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> as a part of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> Panchsheel Agreement between </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> on </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">April 29, 1954</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> marked the tail-end of events set in motion by the entry of Younghusband into </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> It is composed of two parts: the Preamble (the Five Principles) and the content (regarding trade between </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> and pilgrimage rights for Indians and Tibetans).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Five Principles of panchsheel agreement are :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> 1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">2. Mutual non-aggression against anyone.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">4. Equality and mutual benefit</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">5. Peaceful co-existence </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Drawback to </span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">-Chinese intrusions into </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Indian territory</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> began hardly 3 months after the signature of the accord. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">-Agreement opened the door to </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">'s military control of the Roof of the World by the People's Liberation Army. This translated into building a network of roads and airstrips heading towards the Indian frontiers in NEFA and Ladakh. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">-Damming and diversion of the </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Brahmaputra</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. because the people of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> have no say in what is happening in their country. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">-</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> accepted </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> as part of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. Though neither the Preamble (the Five Principles) nor the provisions of the agreement are in force today, the acceptance of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Tibet</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> as a part of the People's Republic of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">China</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> remains a fact.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">-China Captured sinkiang in ladakh.Tibet-Sinkiang highway' is cutting through </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Indian territory</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Beijing</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> in return recognited Arunachal Pradesh as being a part of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> has been mentioned as a possible compensation. But this does not make any sense as the Chinese claim on Arunachal is legally and historically empty of any substance. </span></p>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-39851347365665714712011-01-19T20:10:00.000-08:002011-01-19T20:17:11.377-08:00Indus Water treatyAfter partition of India 80% irrigated area went to pak but headwater that serves these canals are in kashmir (India). World bank offered help to resolve dispute of water sharing between India and Pakistan. After 10 yrs of negotiation JL Nehru , Ayub Khan and World bank signed IWT<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">There are four elements of treaty </span><br /><br />1. According to treaty 3 western rivers - Jhelum indus and chenab water to pak and<br /> water from beas sutlej and ravi to india.<br />2. 20 % financing will be done by India for development of Tarbela dam on indus<br /> mangla on jhelum and link canel in Pak.<br />3. Use of Pak's river for hydroelectric power generation may be done by India before they<br /> reach Pakistan. dams could alter timing of water posing environmental risk thus restriction on<br /> storage capacity on dams in India.<br />4. Dispute resolution machanism was set up between - India and Pak where IWT commissions<br /> would resolve any dispute or by nutral party arbitrator as appointed by World bank or International court of arbitration.EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-19728242631075229692011-01-19T17:51:00.000-08:002011-01-19T19:57:44.350-08:00Nutrient-Based Fertiliser SubsidyThe government has decided to fix the subsidy on nutrients i.e.- Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) Potash (K) and Sulphur (S) contents.<br /><p>In addition to the fixed subsidy on above mentioned nutrients, there will be an additional per tonne subsidy for subsidised fertiliser carrying other secondary nutrients and micro nutrients in formulations approved under FCO 1985.</p><p>Fertilizer subsidy is second largest subsidy after food and has become sensitive political issue. Proper pricing and application of fertilizers could reduce subsidy bill. Moreover with complex grade of fertilizers there was a need for simplified pricing formula. India also has obligation under AOA to reduce it's agriculture subsidy. Nutrient - Based subsidy will provide incentive to farmers to test their soil and recommendation of crop and doses of nutrient. Fertilizer uses can be considerably reduced by applying recommended doses of fertilizer.</p><p>There are growing evidences to show that underground water quality in rural area is deteriorating due to excessive use of nitrogen based fertilizers. There is little private cost with unbalanced application of nutrients but large environmental and negative externalities are associated. Bio- fertilizers is another option, but willingness to adopt bio- fertilizers is more among those who have better access to agricultural information , high income and animal husbandry. <br /></p>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-66075367656981763852011-01-19T17:08:00.000-08:002011-01-31T15:17:59.960-08:00Bimal Jalan ReportBimal Jalan Committee was setup by SEBI to 'Review Ownership and Governance of MII (Market Infrastructure Institutions) .<br /><strong>Background</strong><br />Formation of NSE ended investor-unfriendly pratices of existing exhanges and povided tehnologial innovations and reform in industy. NSE was able to capture market in equity , daivative tradings. But with rise of MCX , the monopoly of NSE in derivative trading is threaten by MCX. Now MCX wants to enter equity domain by MCX-SX. SEBI turned down the application on grounds of ownership structure. MCX-SX has taken SEBI to court . SEBI has constituted the Bimal Jalan Committe to "review the ownership and and Governance of MII"<br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">What is MII ?</span><br />MII create, facilitate capital market in its operation by providing infrastructure for trading , clearance. It includes depositories, exchanges and clearing corporation.<br /><br />The number of stock exchange in India has shrunk. Currently there are only two main exchanges BSE and NSE. Since exchanges are profitable business it is expected that many new exchanges will come up in near future. New rules and regulations are requires for ownership and effective governance of exchange.<br /><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Suggestions by Bimal Jalan Committee.<br />1. Non- Listing of MII on stock exchange.<br /></span>The propose is to avoid foul playing in price of MII stock. Since MII owns exchange there is possibility of foul play with price of MII stock.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> </span>Non - Listing will led to non- availability of price for trading of MII stock and fewer exit options for investor. This can discourage investors from investing in MII.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><br />2. MII will not be allowed to make unreasonable profit.<br /></span>Report states that since MII are facilitating market and is public utility it should earn reasonable profit. Profits of MII are capped. Investing in MII and raising resources for MII will become difficult with profit cap. and non- listing. <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><br />3. Only banks and public finance institutions can be anchor institution.<br /></span>To make it more lucrative for banks and PFI, committee has increased the maximum holding limit from 15% to 24%. Anchor institution will take lead in setting up of MII . Since Banks and PFI 's core line of business is not MII hence they always remain passive investors.<br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">4. Minimiun capital required for exchange is rs 100 Crore.</span><br />Rs 100 Cr is very less. To setup an exchange of NSE and BSE level an investment of more than Rs 1000 Crore is required. <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><br />5. Clearing house should have net worth of Rs 300 cr.<br /></span>Banks and Insurance companies have higher risk involved as compared to clearing house still the networth requirement for Banks and Insurance is Rs 300 Cr. and Rs 100 Cr. Setting high net-worth requirement may discourage investors.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> </span><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">6. Capping vaiable pay to Executives.</span><br />This would reduce pay performance link in executive compensation. As a result one can hardly expect executives to be ever-ready to adopt the latest global best practices and technological innovations to maintain service standards.<br /><br />Biggest criticisms of the Jalan Committee recommendations is that it would perpetuate NSE’s monopoly and restrict competition in the sector which, in turn, will slow down innovations in an extremely dynamic in-dustry and possibly reduce service quality.EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-49758837142433481982010-10-12T00:05:00.000-07:002010-10-12T00:27:04.331-07:00Bt Crops and pesticidesBt stand for <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bacillus Thuringiensis</span>, it is a bacteria which has properties to kill pest and other insects. Properties of Bt are well known and people have been using it as pesticide (popularly known as Bt- pesticides).<br /><br />Bt has shell or covering of a protein which act as pesticide for specific insects. The protein, that is responsible for killing or destroying specific insects or bacteria that causes diseases have been extracted and genetically incorporated in crops.<br /><br />Genetically modified crops , that can produce protein that Bt were capable of producing are known as Bt-Crops . these crops are resistant to certain insects and diseases. Bt- Crops requires <span style="font-weight: bold;">less pesticide</span> and hence not only <span style="font-weight: bold;">reduces expenditure</span> on pesticide but only help reduce pollution causes by chemical fertilizers.Bt-pesticides and crops are non- allergic to human and use of Bt- Pesticides reduces <span style="font-weight: bold;">exposure of farmers to harmful chemical pesticides</span>. Chemical pesticides are broad spectrum pesticides , which also <span style="font-weight: bold;">destroys population of good beneficial insects along with pests.</span><br /><br />Bt-Maize and Bt-Cotton are begin grown in India for non-edible purpose. Scientific experiment and experience from west has known that Bt-Crops are safe for humans and may grow seed of second green revolution in India.<br /><br />In lack of Indian research on effects of genetically modified crops and clear guidelines on GMO has lead to banning of Bt- Brinjal. An careful study and educating people regarding GMO is required to pave path for Bt crops for enabling second green revolution in India.EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-25111404515342153362010-10-11T23:17:00.000-07:002010-10-11T23:54:42.893-07:00Disinvestment of PSUDisinvestment of PSU upto 10% in next 5 years will not only provide fund to govt but also help in increasing transparency , competitiveness and responsibility in PSU. Some PSU's like MMTC Limited has less than 1% stake in market , that too with Financial Institutes. This has not only lead to reduced liquidity of equity in market but also artificially escalated the price of stock.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Disinvestment of listed PSU in next three years will bring approx 3,41000 Cr ,unlisted PSU's will bring 24000 cr and 17000 cr From PSU banks. If we assume it to be spreaded over 5 years time span, this disinvestment could provide resources of the tune of 0.88 % of GDP.</span><br /><br />government has decided to spend all the resources on social sector. As we know our economy is growing at faster rate and we require resources for building up of basic infrastructure and projects National action plan on climate change will require enormous investment to increase supply of solar power.It has been recommended in 13th finance commission to invest proceedings of disinvestment in other non-social projects of national importance.<br /><br />There are few issues concerning compulsory public holding of 25% in listed companies.<br />1. non-PSU companies are required to have min 25% public holding While PSU companies are required to ensure min. 10% public share holding. Mere listing of PSU by 10% public holding may not increase performance of PSUs.<br />2. The word "Public share holding" as not been defined clearly , whether shares with group companies are included in "Public share holding" or share holding by FI is also in public share holding.For example Hindustan Photo Films (PSU), 90% of shares are with govt of india and approx 10% are with PSU insurance companies.<br />3. Indian individual are not holding significant portion in equity market. While govt. has claimed that disinvestment of PSU will give opportunity for public to participate in economic growth of country but with unclear definition of Public Share Holding and lesser participation of individual in equity market will not lead to inclusion of masses in economic growth.<br /><br />With huge amount of disinvestment , it is belived that market will not able to raise fund and hence all non-promotors have been included in "Public". With 10% disinvestment of PSU and unclear defination of "Public" will neither lead to better management of PSUs nor will help in financial inclusion of masses.EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-55731649410098514512010-10-09T00:32:00.001-07:002010-10-11T23:11:03.167-07:00State PSUs of INDIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">State PSU provides jobs to 18 Lakh people and contributes 6% to GDP. State PSU are important to our country and 13th finance commission has reviewed the performance of Sate PSU in its report</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> The commission has find that PSU has <span style=""> </span>generating aggregate 6000 Cr losses and <b style="">only PSUs of nine state</b> are in profit. It is this recommended to analysis financial viability of existing firms and those firms which are in non-core areas need to be recommended for closure.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> Many State PSU have not audited their accounts and presented to their Annual General Meeting. Inability of State PSU for closure of their annual accounts and running in arrears has lead to inefficiency in their operations.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> 13<sup>th</sup> finance commission has recommended for clearing backlog accounts of state PSU and follow<b style=""> statutory obligations and compliance</b>. It has also recommended for finalization of accounts in consultation with Auditor General of India by holding series of General Meetings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> 13<sup>th</sup> finance commission has also recommended for closure of non-functions state PSU in consultation with Auditor General of India and setting up of holding company for liquidation of state PSU</p>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-47609641745264072032010-10-08T23:22:00.000-07:002010-10-08T23:27:43.297-07:00Classical Dances of India<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Mohiniyattam (element Air)</b></p> <ul><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>from kerela</li><li><span style=""></span>Indian classical dance form</li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Mohini – <span style="" lang="EN">who enchants onlookers </span><span style=""> </span>, attam – graceful boby movements </li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Solo dance</li><li><span style=""></span>Two stories</li></ul><span style="font-family: "Courier New";"><span style=""> o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">Vishnu appears as Mohini to save Lord Shiva from the demon Bhasmasura.</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Courier New";"><span style=""> o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">Lord Vishnu disguised as a Mohini to lure the asuras (demons) away from the amrita (nectar of immortality) obtained during the churning of Ocean </span><ul><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">This dance which has influences and elements from two South Indian dance forms, the Bharatanatyam and Kathakali</span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">Approx 40 basic movements </span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">costume includes white sari embroidered with bright golden brocade</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="" lang="EN">Bharatanatyam (Element Fire)</span></b></p> <ul><li><span style="" lang="EN"><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">from Tamil Nadu</span></li><li><span style=""></span>Indian classical dance form</li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">Bharatanatyam comes from the words <b>Bha</b>va (Expression), <b>Ra</b>ga (Music), <b>Ta</b>la (Rhythm) and <b>Natya</b> (Classic Indian Musical Theatre).</span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">inspirations from the sculptures of the ancient temple of Chidambaram. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam dance postures</span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">Bharatanatyam is considered to be a 'fire dance' — the mystic manifestation of the metaphysical element of fire in the human body. It is one of the five major styles (one for each element) that include Odissi (element of water), Mohiniattam (element of air), Kuchipudi (element of earth) and Kathakali (element of sky).</span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">In ancient times it was performed as "dasiattam" by mandir (Hindu temple) Devadasis.</span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">Solo dance , lasya, the graceful feminine lines and movements, and tandava (the dance of Shiva), masculine aspect</span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">Tamil, Telugu and Kannada are traditionally used in Bharatanatyam. , and carnatic music</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="" lang="EN">Kathakali</span></b><span style="" lang="EN"> (element of sky)</span></p> <ul><li><span style="" lang="EN"><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">classical Indian dance-drama </span></li><li><span style="" lang="EN"><span style=""></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">attractive make-up of characters, elaborate costumes, detailed gestures and well-defined body movements </span></li><li><span style=""></span><span style="" lang="EN">It originated in the country's present day state of Kerala</span></li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="" lang="EN">Kathakali originated from a precursor dance-drama form called Ramanattam and owes it share of techniques also to Krishnanattam. The word "attam" means enactment. In short, these two forerunning forms to Kathakali dealt with presentation of the stories of Hindu gods Rama and Krishna.</span></li><li><span style=""></span><b><span style="" lang="EN">International Centre for Kathakali</span></b><span style="" lang="EN"> at New Delhi has taken up a continuing project since 1980 of producing new plays based on not only traditional and mythological stories, but also historical stories, European classics and Shakespeare's plays. Recently they produced Kathakali plays based on Shakespeare's Othello</span></li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="" lang="EN">Carnatic music</span></li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="" lang="EN">Kathakali is usually performed in front of the huge Kalivilakku (kali meaning dance; vilakku meaning lamp</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="" lang="EN">Kuchipudi</span></b><span style="" lang="EN"> </span></p> <ul><li><span style="" lang="EN"><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">name of a village in the Divi Taluka </span></li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="" lang="EN">resident Brahmins practicing this traditional dance form</span></li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span><span style="" lang="EN">begins with some stage rites, after which each of the character comes on to the stage and introduces him/herself, set the mood, of the character in the drama. The drama then begins.</span></li><li><span style=""><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="" lang="EN">Carnatic Music , Yamini Reddy</span></li></ul> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Ornaments worn by the artists are generally made of a light weight wood called <i>Boorugu</i></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">There are also subtle differences in the costumes of both types of dances. Generally, Bharatanatyam dresses have three fans of differing heights that form the illusion of the spreading pleats of a sari. However, in Kuchipudi there is typically only one fan which tends to be longer than the longest of the three fans present on Bharatanatyam dresses.</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Odissi</span></b> </p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">from orrisa</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">oldest surviving dance form of </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> on the basis of archaeological evidences</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">distinguished from other classical Indian dance forms by the importance it places upon the <i>tribhangi</i> (literally: three parts break), the independent movement of head, chest and pelvis</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">mainly associated with temple dance eg: jaganath puri </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">a decline and degradation occurred in all the Indian classical dance styles during the British period, especially when a bill was passed prohibiting temple dancing. Most of these dancers associated themselves with prostitution to survive</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Odissi dance accompanied by Odissi music</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The jewelry is made from intricate filigree silver jewelry pieces</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The crown, or mahkoot, worn by the Odissi dancer </span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Sattriya Nritya</span></i></b> </p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">originates from </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Assam</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The core of <i>Sattriya Nritya</i> has usually been mythological stories</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Traditionally performed by male monks in monasteries </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The dresses are usually made of <i>pat</i>, a type of silk produced in </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Assam</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">, woven with intricate local motifs. The ornaments, too, are based on traditional Assamese designs.</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Manipuri Dance </span></b></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Originates from Manipur</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Radha and </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Krishna</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">, particularly the raslila, is central to its themes </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">dancers' feet never strike the ground hard</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">instrument called the Pung</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: black;">Kathak</span></b> </p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">originated from northern </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">. This dance form traces its origins to the nomadic bards of ancient northern </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">India</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">, known as Kathaks, or storytellers</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">three major schools or gharanas of Kathak i.e Jaipur, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Lucknow</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Banaras</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">more commonly, the costume is a <i>lehenga-choli</i> combination, but sometimes it could be saaree.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The traditional costume for men to be bare-chested. Below the waist is the dhoti, usually tied in the </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Bengal</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> style</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Ghunghru</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> or <i>ghunghroo</i> are the small bells the dancer ties around his or her ankles. The Kathak bells are different from those of other Indian dance styles, as they are not affixed to a pad or strip of leather, but rather are individually woven along a thick string. The usual number of bells is 100 on each ankle</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Went to decline in British Raj by associating Kathak solely with the tawaifs and then associating the tawaifs with out-and-out prostitution, Kathak acquired an unwholesome image. </span></li></ul>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-90709058994500831812010-10-08T23:15:00.000-07:002010-10-08T23:22:04.698-07:00Symbol of RupeeIntroduction of symbol of rupee has boost and shown the confidence of India on its currency. Symbol of rupee has created using roman and Devanagari script with a horizontal line signifying stability in currency.<br /><br />Many SE and neighboring countries like Pakistan , Nepal, Bhutan , Indonesia are using Rupee as currency . With use of new symbol of Rupee India will be able to distinguish its currency from others.EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-72216812916170903732010-10-08T22:51:00.000-07:002010-10-08T23:12:31.828-07:00Causes for failure of counter-insurgency operations<div style="text-align: justify;">Recently we have seen mass protest in J&K and killing of CRPF by maoist in Dantewada. CRPF has been used by government for counter insurgency operations in last few years. Strength of CRPF has increased from 160,000 personnel in 2005 to 280,000 in 2008 . CRPF have six training centers which can provide training to 150-200 personnel in a six month batch. With sudden increase in new recruits.<br /></div><br />CRPF is not having basic infrastructure like class room , proper shooting range , combat simulation technics. Some of the better personnel are siphoned by Special protection guard and National Security Guard.<br /><br />There is an urgent need to increase training centers and hire professional trainers for new recruits.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">India had 128 policemen per 100000 population in 2008. Now government has claimed that the ratio has increased to 163 policemen per 100000 population. Which is still far less than international standards. But the increase is not uniform some states like Bihar (75 per 100000) and WB (100 per 100000) has very less police force while states like Nagaland (1650 per 100000) , J&K(750 per 100000) and Manipur (650 per 100000) has very high police -population ratio but are still unable to solve the problem of insurgency.<br /></div><br />Mere increase in police-population ratio will not solve the problem . Illtrained police will amplify the problem as it has done in J&K.EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177326678624128068.post-5889286903502383182010-10-08T22:34:00.000-07:002010-10-08T22:38:00.386-07:00Kishenganga Project<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Kishenganga is tributary of Jhelum River. It originates in India then it enters POK and flows for 150 km before joining Jhelum. India is planning for Kishenganga Hydro-electric project for generating 110*3 MW of energy by diverting substantial part of water from Kishenganga to it’s project location and then to Wuller lake and finally to Jhelum river.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Pakistan has raised objection for construction of Kishenganga Project near LOC. Pakistan has claimed that under Indus treaty of 1960, No project can be contracted which does not leave enough water for agriculture and hydro-electric project for another country. Although diverted water from Kishenganga will eventually join Jhelum and reach to Pakistan but will reduce flow of water in Kishenganga in POK. It may adversely affect environment and may leave little water for agriculture and another hydro-electric <b style="">Neelum – Jhelum Project</b> project which Pakistan is planning. </p>EduCateBloGgeRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11443127777882925039noreply@blogger.com0